Introduction: Interlocking has been widely accepted for treatment of femoral shaft fracture. However, complications still exist. Numerous investigations have been carried out on earlier phase of fracture healing with interlocking nail.Purpose: In this research, a three dimensional model of bone with antegrade interlocking nail in post fracture healing phase during gait cycle is studied. Additionally, published results of others, obtained under different boundary condition, are discussed. Stress distribution pattern in femur with dynamised nail and static nail are investigated.Results: Three dimensional model of the third generation composite femur was considered in which simple stainless steel Gross Kempf femoral nail was inserted in the medullary canal. Simulation was performed with the assistance of Abaqus analysis finite element codes. Two different loading patterns were used in simulations: Simple loading pattern, and Full muscle loading.Discussion: Results were verified through simple analytical beam column model. Good agreement between analytical and numerical results was found. Results proved the importance of exact boundary conditions for interlocked femoral nail testing and simulation. Fifty percent increase in bone stress level after removal of proximal screw was observed.

The history of the new nailing method dates back to Gerhard Kü ntscher, who introduced this concept in Germany in 1940. He believed in two general principles: Stable fixation and fixation of fractures without opening the fracture site. In the beginning, primary nails with various weaknesses were only used in fractures of femur. Over time, effective changes were made in the design and insertion of bone nails. This article aimed to review the evolution of the design of nails and simple but significantly important principles of inserting nails in long bones. In any case, lack of adherence to these simple principles by surgeons leads to lack of desirable fixation.

In the rail industry, in order to reduce the cost of engineering of interlocking systems, there is a need to simplify the exchange of technical information between shareholders. RailML is an open source IT tool designed to standardize the exchange of data in various rail processes. Lack of standards for data structures and protocols requires the design and maintenance of several interfaces between applications. This approach is inefficient, time consuming and costly. Different requirements and new Interlocking areas impede the complete automation of the engineering design chain. RailML is based on markup language and uses the XML schema to define a new data exchange structure for data interchange between railway applications. In this paper, the RailML Standard markup language is used as the basis and exchange format for formulating the safe routes of the Tehran-Bafgh corridor in Zvaareh station. It can be used to formulate its safe pathways in design and testing.

Due to the important role in providing safe conditions for train movements, railway interlocking systems are considered as safety critical systems, hence it requires advanced formal modeling techniques and step-by-step development to ensure safety, quality and reliability of the system. State flow toolbox of MATLAB software is a convenient tool for formal design. In this paper, a new simulator of railway signaling and interlocking systems based on discrete-event dynamic is presented. with receiving the basic information about physical features and policies of railway network, this simulator models and simulates the interlocking system. The primary features of this simulator are facility in design and developing the interlocking system and its ability to test the new interlocking functions in it. The main innovation in this simulator is that the elements of the railway network are designed based on discrete-event dynamic and its ability to develop and communicate interlocking system with other railway traffic control systems. To evaluate the performance of the proposed simulator, we simulate the interlocking system of a railway station and line 2 of Tehran metro in this simulator.

Background: Reamed interlocking intramedullary nailing of the tibia is a procedure for the treatment of a non-infected tibial nonunion. The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the outcome of this method as a treatment of tibial nonunion.Methods: Twenty-nine patients with nonunion after initial therapy for tibial fracture were retrospectively assessed after a reamed interlocking intramedullary nailing.The main measurements were derived from radiographic and clinical union as well as time from reamed nailing to union.Results: Twenty-eight patients achieved union of their fracture (97%). The average time from reamed nailing to union was 7.6 months. Serious complications included one severe infection in the site of surgery (3%) and one tibial fracture distal to the nail (3%).Conclusion: Reamed interlocking intramedullary nailing for nonunions of the tibia resulted in a high union rate and was associated with a low complication rate.This technique is recommended as a standard procedure for non-infected tibial nonunions.

Purpose- The present study aims to figure out whether audit market competition and large shareholders and auditor’s interlock(Interlocking) is associated with the quality of financial reporting or not.Design/Methodology/Approach- The auditor’s concentration is used for audit market competition for this study's purpose. The absolute value of accruals is employed for measuring the financial reporting quality. The required information is collected from 112 listed companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2012-2018 and analyzed using the pooled regression model.Findings- The study results show that auditor’s competition is associated positively with accruals and negatively and significantly with financial reporting quality. The findings also indicate that the quality of financial reporting goes up by declining competition in the audit market and increasing the auditors' interlock and large shareholders.Originality/value- In contrast to the conducted studies on different types of interlock, this paper has focused on the interlock of large shareholders and auditors in an emerging market with increased competition